Cervical Cancer & HPV: What Every Woman Should Know

May is Women’s Health Month, a time to shine a light on the health challenges that uniquely affect women—and empower women to take control of their well-being through education, prevention, and action. One critical issue that deserves more attention is cervical cancer and its close link to human papillomavirus (HPV).

Cervical cancer was once one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths for women. Thanks to increased awareness, regular screenings, and the HPV vaccine, it has become largely preventable. Still, thousands of women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year—often because they didn’t know what to watch for or how to protect themselves.

Understanding the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer is key to prevention and early detection. Here’s what every woman should know.

What Is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer occurs in the cells of the cervix—the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. In most cases, it develops slowly over time, beginning with precancerous changes that can be detected and treated early during routine Pap tests.

The Role of HPV

HPV (human papillomavirus) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. It’s so common that nearly all sexually active people will get it at some point in their lives. Most HPV infections go away on their own, but certain high-risk types can persist and lead to cervical cancer.

There are more than 100 types of HPV, but types 16 and 18 are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancer cases.

Key Risk Factors

• Long-term infection with high-risk HPV strains
• Having multiple sexual partners or starting sexual activity at a young age
• Smoking
• A weakened immune system
• Infrequent or no cervical cancer screening

Symptoms to Watch For

Cervical cancer often has no symptoms in its early stages, which is why regular screening is so important. As it progresses, symptoms may include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after sex, or after menopause)
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

If you notice any of these signs, consult a healthcare provider promptly.

The Importance of Screening

Pap tests (or Pap smears) and HPV tests are the most effective tools for early detection. These tests can find abnormal cells before they turn into cancer or catch cancer early when it’s most treatable.

• Women should begin Pap testing at age 21.
• HPV testing may be added starting at age 30.
• Guidelines may vary depending on age, health history, and previous results.

Talk to your doctor about the right screening schedule for you.

The HPV Vaccine: A Powerful Prevention Tool

The HPV vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent infection from high-risk strains of HPV. It is most effective when given before exposure to the virus, typically starting at ages 11 or 12, but it can be given up to age 45.

Even if you’ve already been exposed to HPV, the vaccine may still offer protection against other strains.

Taking Charge of Your Health

Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable types of cancer—but only if women know their risks and stay proactive. Regular checkups, timely vaccinations, and safe practices can go a long way in protecting your health.

Knowledge is power. By understanding the connection between HPV and cervical cancer, staying up to date with screenings, and making informed health decisions, women can take charge of their reproductive health and significantly lower their risk of cervical cancer.